Corruption in Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger

If you were to witness something corrupt, what would you do? Would you try to stop it? Or would you just look the other way and pretend it was not there? In today’s society, corruption is almost everywhere, and too often, people just look the other way, allowing it to continue. In writing The Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salinger attempts to show people the evils of a corrupt society, and how it can harm anyone. He does this through Holden’s experiences at Pencey and in NYC, as well as the uncertainty and confusion that Holden feels about sex. While he is at Pencey, Holden experiences corruption many times. This may be one of the reasons that he does not try in his classes. At some point, he joins a secret fraternity, not because he wants†¦show more content†¦But when the prostitute arrives, she is around Holden’s age, is nervous, and just wants to get it over with. This makes Holden even more uneasy, because he realizes that she might have been like any other girl his age, but she has been corrupted. This is one reason that he is unable to go through with it, the other being that Holden does not feel like he can connect with her. Another time this confusion and uncertainty is shown is when Holden is thinking about Stradlater and Jane. He is worried that Stradlater will corrupt Jane, a girl whom Holden still cares for, by seducing her to have sex with him. Stradlater is â€Å"unscrupulous† (40), and most of the time he does succeed in having sex with the girl; once, he got close to doing it with Hol den and Holden’s date in the car with them. Stradlater is corrupt in this way, because he is promiscuous and corrupts the girls he dates. But even Stradlater is not as corrupt as Luce, the Student Advisor he had while he was at Whooton. While Holden is waiting for Luce to arrive at the Wicker Bar, he thinks about the time when he went to Whooton, another private school, and Luce was his Student Advisor. Instead of advising the students, Luce would â€Å"give these sex talks†¦late at night, when there [were] a bunch of guys in his room† (143). These â€Å"guys† were young boys, and the fact that Luce isShow MoreRelatedEvil and Corruption in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger610 Words   |  3 PagesEvil and Corruption in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger In The Catcher in the Rye, Holden views the world as an evil and corrupt place where there is no peace. His view of the world does not change much through the novel. However as the novel continues, Holden gradually comes to the realization that he is powerless to change this. In the book Holden succeeds in making us think that the world is crazy. Shortly after Holden leaves Pencey Prep, he checks in to the Edmont HotelRead MoreCatcher in the Rye vs Frankenstein Novel Study Essay1304 Words   |  6 Pagesage, they lose their innocence due to the corruption that exists in society. This is demonstrated in the two novels, Catcher in the Rye and Frankenstein. The two authors, J.D. Salinger and Mary Shelley prove this statement through their use of various literary devices. Key characters in both novels- Holden and the creature- learn through personal experiences that innocence cannot, in fact, be preserved forever, and they both face the reality of corruption. The use of allusions in both novels playsRead MoreCatcher Rye And Perfect Day For Bananafish1562 Words   |  7 Pages The Catcher in The Rye and Perfect Day For Bananafish In â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†,by J.D Salinger, Holden Caulfield, a troubled 16 year old boy who constantly gets kicked out of every school takes it upon himself to become â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†, in reality not being real occupation but an idea he chose to adopt for himself after he heard a little boy singing in the street. The catcher in the Rye can be described in Holden’s perspective as a person, almost like a hero that helps childrenRead MoreSymbolism In Catcher In The Rye841 Words   |  4 Pagesof purity is an inevitable feeling. In The Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salinger uses motifs, symbols, and extended metaphors to convey the theme that innocence can not be prevented. Saliger uses motifs which allows the reader to understand vulnerability from being shown into the adult world through the use of the hunting hat and estrangement from his surroundings by the migration of the ducks. The hat signifies his recurring display of timidity. Salinger indicates to his readers that Holden uses hisRead MoreHolden Caulfield and the Pressures of Society: The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1286 Words   |  6 Pagesnovel to life. In the bildungsroman, The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, characterization is often found, especially regarding the protagonist, Holden Caulfield. Salinger also includes many themes in his novel relating to growing up in a corrupt society. Hence, this paper will compare, contrast, and evaluate literary criticisms regarding the themes and characterization of J.D. Salinger’s novel The Catcher in the Rye. Many critics of The Catcher in the Rye discuss in depth the characterizationRead MoreHow Salinger’s Holden Caulfield Relates to Teenagers Throughout Time1412 Words   |  6 PagesSalinger’s Holden Caulfield Relates to Teenagers Throughout Time In 1951, J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye was #1 on the New York Time’s bestseller list. Since then, the American Literary Association claims The Catcher in the Rye is a â€Å"favorite of censors.† The use of harsh language and profanity has been a long time debate of educators causing the novel to be pulled off bookshelves and propelling J.D. Salinger and his protagonist, Holden Caulfield, into reluctant fame. The translationRead MoreThe Theme of Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger Essay568 Words   |  3 PagesThe Theme of Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger In the novel Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, the protagonist Holden Caulifield views the world as an evil corrupt place where there is no peace. Holden has a phony phobia that restricts him from becoming a fully matured adult. In Holdens attempted journey in becoming a fully matured adult, he encounters many scenarios involving friendship, personal opinions, and his love of children. His journey is an unpleasant and difficult one with manyRead MoreEssay on The Death of Innocence in The Catcher in the Rye1156 Words   |  5 Pages   Ã‚   Holden identifies with, yearns for, and despises traits of the adult and child realms. In the novel The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, the protagonist, Holden Caulfield, fears becoming an adult who exhibits the characteristics that he holds complaints against. Throughout this Bildungsroman narrative, Holden searches for his identity. He tries to figure out his place either in the adult or child realm. Holden possesses a combination of fear and hatred for phonies. Holden usesRead MoreUse of Symbolism in The Catcher in the Rye and The Great Gatsby820 Words   |  4 PagesUse Of Symbolism In The Catcher In The Rye and The Great Gatsby There are many writers like James Joyce, Patrick Kananach and Thomas Moore who use symbolism to convey and support indirect meaning in their writings. J.D. Salinger and F. Scott Fitzgerald both use symbolism in similar ways. In both The Catcher In The Rye and The Great Gatsby, the authors used symbolism to convey emotions and reality. In The Catcher In The Rye, J.D. Salinger uses Holdens red hunting cap, the exhibitsRead More Use Of Symbolism In The Catcher In The Rye and The Great Gatsby804 Words   |  4 PagesUse Of Symbolism In â€Å"The Catcher In The Rye† and â€Å"The Great Gatsby† There are many writers like James Joyce, Patrick Kananach and Thomas Moore who use symbolism to convey and support indirect meaning in their writings. J.D. Salinger and F. Scott Fitzgerald both use symbolism in similar ways. In both â€Å"The Catcher In The Rye† and â€Å"The Great Gatsby†, the authors used symbolism to convey emotions and reality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In â€Å"The Catcher In The Rye†, J.D. Salinger uses Holden’s red hunting cap, the exhibits

The Day That The 9 / 11 Attacks Happened - 1631 Words

When I was very young I remember the day that the 9/11 attacks happened. I was in my 5th grade math class when my principle made an announcement over the PA stating what took place. He requested that there be an immediate assembly in the gym. When we got to the gym he began to talk about how America was attacked and that two airplanes hit the Twin Towers in New York City. When I was hearing all this I was very confused only being a young boy. Many people came to pick their children up from school in fear that something could happen to us. I also remember how the news portrayed the attacks. They constantly replayed the footage of the planes hitting the towers over and over again. This was a form of social control, in the form of an agent of socialization where â€Å"mass media gives information and images that are consumed by the general public (Chriss, 2010). They wanted to strike fear into the people of America and wanted a sense of patriotic emotion running through their veins. Pr esident Bush came onto TV and told everyone that they have weapons of mass destruction and didn’t really explain who they are. The only motive was to hurt the American people and this was an action of war. He mentioned that this was the doing of Al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden. It wasn’t until I just read this article that I really understood why Al Qaeda does these things or what their motives are. Al Qaeda lives and operates by the theory of focoism. This focoist theory is explained in Che’s article asShow MoreRelatedWhat Happened in September 11th, 2001 Essay889 Words   |  4 Pages What happened on September 11th, 2001? A day that will be remembered and never forgotten, a day that many innocent people died because of a terrible tragedy that happened on September 11th, 2001 at the World Trade Center in New York City. To many people it probably just looked like another regular work day, but didn’t expect the worst that day. On September 11, 2001, nearly 3,000 people were killed in the terrorist attacks at the World Trade Center in New York City (†11 facts about 9/11†). SeptemberRead MoreSeptember 11, 2001 and the Twin Towers786 Words   |  3 Pageswitnessed the crumbling of the Twin Towers on September 11, 2001 will never be the same. There were multiple attacks that happened on this day, but the main attacks were in New York City. The 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center were one of the most tragic events to happen in New York City, but there have been things said about George Bush and him knowing about the attacks and that the government was behind it. The attacks that happened on September 11, 2001 attacked the twin towers in New York City,Read More9 / 11 Inside Job977 Words   |  4 PagesHolly James Mr. Bergmann Senior English B2 31 March 2015 9/11 Inside Job On September 11, 2001, four different planes were hijacked by terrorists. 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American Identity Paper Free Essays

Occurred an American Is a person who doesn’t have much compared to the people in Europe. There are no kings, lords, or bishops that have all the power. In America every person works for himself and finds a way to travel to where is needed. We will write a custom essay sample on American Identity Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Coming through America there isn’t castles or fancy mansions everywhere compared to Europe. People live in huts made out of clay and cabins where men and cattle lay to keep warm. When a person comes to America they are considered free and are able to be equal among others. There isn’t one person who is in charge like a prince or princess that controls all of the people. Every person Is able to make their own decision on whatever they choose to do In America. America Is a mixture of people with different cultures that come together as one community who do not Judge one another or look down upon. There Is no rich or poor community, every person Is considered to be equal among one another. America Is now considered the most perfect society In the world today. Living in the British Society, many people were belittled and frowned upon because they were poor or didn’t meet certain standards of others. As Occurred says, â€Å"The rich and the poor are not so far removed from each other as they are in Europe† meaning that being poor led to being a slave and lived in horrible areas. Many people that were poor didn’t want to continue living that way. There was one ruler who may have been the king, lord or bishop that was In control of everyone and told the people what to do. As man started traveling out of Europe and moved towards America, It was realized that they didn’t have to continue living the way they were. People were not being controlled In American and told what to do as In Europe. As America was being discovered the people saw what is was like to be free and equal among the other people and decided to move there. Any race or culture is accepted and will not be judged or criticized. Not one person is considered to be poor or rich and also every person was free and didn’t have to live under one person as a ruler. Every person was able to make their own decisions on what they chose to do. By libertarian’s According to Cry ©voucher an American is a person who doesn’t have much equal among others. There isn’t one person who is in charge like a prince or princess that controls all of the people. Every person is able to make their own decision on whatever they choose to do in America. America is a mixture of people with different down upon. There is no rich or poor community, every person is considered to be equal among one another. America is now considered the most perfect society in the because they were poor or didn’t meet certain standards of others. As Occurred Many people that were poor didn’t want to continue living that way. There was one ruler who may have been the king, lord or bishop that was in control of everyone and towards America, it was realized that they didn’t have to continue living the way they People were not being controlled in American and told what to do as in Europe. As and will not be Judged or criticized. Not one person is considered to be poor or rich How to cite American Identity Paper, Papers

Textron free essay sample

Anna Amphlett, a financial analyst at Textron Corporation, has been asked by the controller to benchmark the company’s recent financial performance against competitors in the aerospace and defense industry. Top management plans to assess the performance of the company’s supply chain and its future working capital requirements. Textron experienced impressive stock price growth in the last five years, but top management is particularly interested in understanding the company’s sizeable investments in net working capital over the same period. In benchmarking Textron’s performance, Amphlett must also consider what to do about accounting method differences across companies in the aerospace and defense industry, since they may have a significant effect on the interpretation of differences in reported performance. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Textrons Board of Directors had launched a new initiative to assess the companys supply chain and the companys working capital needs. First step was to benchmark the companys recent financial performance against other aerospace and defense firms to determine the areas in which the companys performance could be improved. Top management was particularly interested in understanding the companys sizeable investments in net working capital. COMPANY PROFILE Company History Textron started as a small textile company in 1923, when 27-year-old Royal Little founded the Special Yarns Corporation in Boston, Massachusetts. Revenues that first year were just $75,000. Today that company has grown into a highly successful multi-industry enterprise recognized for our network of powerful brands, world-class processes and talented people. The Tex was derived from textiles and the tron came from synthetics such as Lustron. The theme of the advertising reflected Littles vision: From yarn to you, its Textron all the way. Birth of a Conglomerate,Products and Business Segments In 1952, facing yet another decline in the demand for textiles, Little approached the Textron Board of Directors for approval to diversify by acquiring businesses in unrelated industries. He planned to maintain textile operations as an earnings base while acquiring non-textile businesses. Textron purchased its first non-textiles business Burkart Manufacturing Co. of St. Louis, Missouri who supplied cushioning materials to the automotive market in 1953. Littles success building a diversified company prompted other businesses to follow his model. The pace of acquisitions was great and among the more important businesses added in the early 1950s Textron Inc. is a Global Multi-Industry Company. It is a pioneer of the diversified business model. It grown into a network of businesses with total revenues of $12. 2 billion, and approximately 40,000 employees with facilities and presence in 32 countries, serving a diverse and global customer base. Headquartered in Providence, Rhode Island, U. S. A. ,Textron is ranked as 190th from 216th in 2005 on the Fortune 500 list of largest U. S. companies. Organizationally, Textron consists of numerous subsidiaries and operating divisions and segments, which are responsible for the day-to-day operation of their business namely:(1) The Cessna segment manufactures business jets, single-engine utility turboprops, and single-engine piston aircraft, as well as parts, maintenance, inspection, and repair services. (2) The Bell segment manufactures and supplies military and commercial helicopters, tiltrotor aircraft, and related spare parts and services. (3) The Textron Systems designs, develops, installs, and provides maintenance of advanced full flight simulators; and supports aviation training products and related services. (4) The Industrial segment offers blow-molded plastic fuel systems, windshield and headlamp washer systems, engine camshafts, catalytic reduction systems, and other parts, as well as plastic bottles and containers; golf cars and professional turf-maintenance equipment, (5) The Finance segment provides commercial loans and leases for aircraft and helicopters. Textron’s Strategy Textrons Board of Directors provides strategic and management oversight as well asglobal business perspective, while upholding rigorous governing principles on behalf of the companys shareholders. Senior leaders from directors to the corporate officers share an unrelenting focus on Textrons vision to become the premier multi-industry company in the world, recognized for the network of powerful brands, world class enterprise and talented people through enterprise and portfolio management. Textron’s stock price performance Textron’s recent stock price performance was impressive with overall increase from $22 in 2001 to more than $55 in 2007 much better than SP 500. According to Cowan the estimated EPS in 2007 and 2008 of $6. 25 and $7. 30 respectively. $51. 50 is the target price per share set by Prudential. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Over the last 10 years of unimpressive growth of Textron’s sales, net income and cash flow, Anna Amphlett (financial analyst) has come up to the following problems: 1. What is Textron’s current standing in the Aerospace and Defense industry? 2. Is Textron making more money than its competitors? Is Textron’s management strategy more effective than others? 3. What might be some of the areas Textron need to improve? 4. How do different accounting methods used by companies of the same industry affect her analysis? OBJECTIVES To make a benchmark performance between the Textron and its best and immediate competitor(s) within the same industry segment (mostly Aerospace and Defense firms) by using financial ratios for the fiscal 2005 and 2006 and to compare with Textron’s. ANALYSIS Financial Ratio Benchmarking Benchmarking can be done in many ways, and ratio analysis is only one of these. One benefit of ratio analysis as a component of benchmarking is that many financial ratios are well-established calculations derived from verified data. In benchmarking as a whole, benchmarking can be done on a variety of processes, meaning that definitions may change over time within the same organization due to changes in leadership and priorities. The most useful comparisons can be made when metrics definitions are common and consistent between compared units and over time. Benchmarking using ratio analysis can be useful to various audiences. From an investor perspective, benchmarking can involve comparing a company to peer companies that can be considered alternative investment opportunities from the perspective of an investor. In this process, the investor may compare the focus company to others in the peer group (leaders, averages) on certain financial ratios relevant to those companies and the investor’s investment style. From a management perspective, benchmarking using ratio analysis may be a way for a manager to compare their company to peers using externally recognizable, quantitative data. Industry competitors General Dynamics is a market leader in business aviation; land and expeditionary combat vehicles and systems, armaments, and munitions; shipbuilding and marine systems; and mission-critical information systems and technology. Honeywell International, Inc is an American multinational conglomerate company that produces a variety of commercial and consumer products, engineering services, and aerospace systems for a wide variety of customers, from private consumers to major corporations and governments. Lockheed Martin global aerospace, defense, security, and advanced technology company with worldwide interests. It was formed by the merger of Lockheed Corporation with Martin Marietta in March 1995. It is headquartered in Bethesda, Maryland, in the Washington Metropolitan Area. Lockheed Martin employs 116,000 people worldwide Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, one of four sectors within Northrop Grumman Corporation, is a premier developer, integrator, and producer of manned and unmanned aircraft, space systems and advanced technologies critical to our nation’s security. From sea, air, land or space, Aerospace Systems provides solutions that advance technology and discovery while meeting customer needs with high impact, best value aerospace products and systems. The Raytheon Company is a major American defense contractor and industrial corporation with core manufacturing concentrations in weapons and military and commercial electronics. It was previously involved in corporate and special-mission aircraft until early 2007. Raytheon is the worlds largest producer of guided missiles. Rockwell Collins, Inc. is a large United States-based international company headquartered in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, primarily providing avionics and information technology systems and services to governmental agencies and aircraft manufacturers. Financial Ratio Analysis In analyzing the Textron Corporation and its industry which is the aerospace and defense, we opt to performed financial benchmarking since financial ratios and as dictated by our objectives. With that we could compare and analysis financial data to assess our company’s overall competitiveness and productivity. First we identify the subject of which we need to improve or the weaknesses we choose to benchmark. The company’s unimpressive growth on sales, net income/operating margin and cash flows over ten years was what we had identified. We compared financial ratios of profitability, solvency, liquidity and activity from 2005-2006 of Textron Corporation against the industry competitors namely General Dynamics Corp. , Honeywell Int’l Inc. , Lockheed Martin Corp. , Northrop Grumman Corp. , Raytheon Co. , and Rockwell Collins Inc. against Textron Corporation. These were the result of the analysis: On the basis of gross margin and return on sales left after of cost of goods sold and operating expenses. General Dynamics Corporation had the top percentage of a 100%. Next-to-leading was Rockwell Collins Inc. followed by Textron Corporation(GMR) while Rockwell hit the top with regard to Return on sale of 12. 35%. Rockwell Collins also top the most outstanding and effective management as measured by ROE and ROA, Textron and Raytheon had the lowest percentage on ROS and ROA however Textron got the third rank next to Lockheed on accomplished ROE. In terms of liquidity Rockwell Collins had a strong level of current and quick assets while General Dynamics and Northrop is at the least. Textron also had a good s Ranking the financial leverage ratios Textron’s assets were mostly finance by long-term debt compare to other company. Notice that Rockwell Collins had the most conservative policy with regards to borrowing funds from long-term accounts. The company also had a good standing in meeting interest obligations. Textron’s can collect receivables more often than others, approximately 12 times while Raytheon can create and sold inventories 36 times in one operating period. Such companies hit the top ratio of activity measurement. On the other hand Rockwell had a rare receivable collection policy and longest times inventories were created and sold. After we had conduct comparison on the overall Aerospace and Defense Industry and determine significant areas which may affect our benchmarking analysis, we now conclude that ROCKWELL COLLINS INC. will be our basis for best practice and standard for the remaining analysis. Since Rockwell Collins profitability and management effectiveness were constant we also assume its attainment for our company. We considered to aim the highest possible stand Rockwell had currently so that if ever we failed to meet our goal or if won’t be on top we still be falling at least near to the industry’s best practice. So on the next reporting period we can define our strategies and be better that what the industry has for today. With these, we now take a closer look on the analysis between TEXTRON CORPORATION and ROCKWELL COLLINS INC. to know on more of the areas we want to improve and learn from them on how they achieve their success. BENCHMARKING: TEXTRON CORPORATION VS ROCKWELL COLLINS As pictured in the graph Rockwell had an excellent performance in terms of profitability than Textron. Rockwell’s GMR, ROS and ROA’s ratio were assumed to be the result of effective management and strategies to increase sales at maximum in the minimum cost. Although Textron gross margin ratios were closely to Rockwell’s the return on sale (ROS) bent down to 5%. This was to assume that Textron’s fixed administrative and selling expenses were higher that Rockwell. However Textron boost its return on equity (ROE) because of debts. Obtaining higher debt automatically generates an increase in the equity return. Return on asset (ROA) simply implicates how much earnings we had for every dollar sales and obviously Rockwell had a higher return on assets for it maximize the capacity of its fixed assets for a higher a sales volume. Textron showed a reliance borrowing funds from others than its shareholders in financing its operation and therefore its assets was mostly finance by creditors rather than owner. Times interest earned by Rockwell hits the highest times its earnings available could meet interest obligations against it interest obligations. These graph simply showed that Textron was under a financial leverage and such contributes a financial risk on part of Textron On the analysis liquidity analysis we look at the change in Textron’s acid test ratio and current ratio. The graph pictured out that how the company’s management strategies in handling quick asset were quite aggressive Textron’s operating cycle takes 119 days while payment period takes 114 days this means that Textron should be aware on conserving its investment on current assets. There was a delay of 5 days in paying creditors after maturity. Definitely Rockwell Inc. has the same scenario since their ratios were similarly closer to one another. In asset management analysis, day’s receivable of Textron compare to Rockwell Collins Inc. is stricter in this could be one the reason of decrease of Textron’s growth in its revenue, net sales and cash flows. We assume that Textron’s collection policy stricter than Rockwell. Rockwell’s asset was more utilized at maximum compare to Textron. However, Textron’s number of days inventory was created before sold was shorter than Rockwell which was favorable for Textron. Disclosure Incorporated with the Analysis In order to make an â€Å"apples-to-apples† comparison between the companies, appropriate adjustments to inventory and cost of sales data must be adjusted. Inventory accounting method has a direct impact on financial ratio analysis results on the reported financial measures. We do not adjust these accounts considering the other ratios may be affected and for reasons that the financial statements of competitors are not given. We wish to do common-size analysis and inventory adjustments as well if only these data limitations associated with the case would not exist. Being on the same industry Textron and Rockwell both have products of spare parts it just so happen that most of Rockwell’s revenues are coming from the sale of parts and other related services rather aircrafts which is contrary to Textron. Inventory Ratio analysis compared between Textron and Rockwell would not be adopted since Textron’s inventory days are better than Rockwell’s instead we recommend of ways on how to improve it and lower the number of days on the creation and sale of goods waiting time. In effect this would contribute to a more efficient operating cash cycle. CONCLUSION After the benchmarking performance analysis on the Aerospace and Defense Industry we could conclude that Textron Corporation’s stand on the industry was on average because Textron was not on top but it had strong positions that were better than the most among the industry. The different accounting policies that exist among different companies will not affect our benchmarking analysis as long as it conforms to the GAAP. We do not adjust the inventory and cost of sales account for it would affect the other ratio analysis since we only have limited financial information about the other company in the industry. On the other hand, proper disclosure of the effect of the differences would be appropriate as remedy for be believe that the methods use by the companies are base on the management strategies of what is better for their organizations. RECOMMENDATIONS There are areas in which Textron needs to improve like its receivable collection policy, days to sell inventories, asset utilization, conservation on current assets and debt/capital structure. With these Textron would be able to strengthen it unimpressive growth on sales, net income and cash flows. We recommend Textron to offer cash discounts for example a period of 10 days and maintain their strict credit policy collection to commercial products like spare parts, repairs and maintenance etc. Establish good creditor-debtor relationship. We are expecting that this strategy will increase sales and reduce receivable balance. Days to sell inventory should be shorten to avoid excess cost on handling inventories cost. Solvency on part of Textron must also be observed due their increasing long term debts. We also advise them to minimize borrowing of funds because this could help a business in the long run. Wise decision on borrowing long-term debts must be first considered. A heavy debt burden couples with a sudden economic downturn could put a company out of business rather quickly. Textron conservatism on current ratio be observe so that it could improve their operating cycle. Assessing the company’s overhead cost and see if there are opportunities to decrease them. Lowering overhead has a direct impact on profitability. Overhead expenses including administrative, selling, labor etc. that Textron was incur to operate the business out of direct materials and direct labors. Review the profitability on the company’s various product and services. Assess where prices can be increase on a regular basis to maintain and increase profitability. As costs increase and market change, prices may lead to be adjusted as well.

Toyota Competitive Strategies Essay Example

Toyota Competitive Strategies Paper Competitive  Strategy Asia-Pacific Marketing Federation Certified Professional Marketer Copyright Marketing Institute of Singapore Outline * Introduction * Sustainable  competitive  advantage (SCA) * Sources of SCA * Strategies for * Market Leaders * Challengers * Followers, and * Nichers Introduction Having a  competitive  advantage  is necessary for a firm to compete in the market * But what is more important is whether the  competitiveadvantage is sustainable * A firm must identify its position relative to the competition in the market * By knowing if it is a leader, challenger, follower or nicher, it can adopt appropriate strategies to compete Sustainable  Competitive  Advantage * A good strategist seeks not only to â€Å"win the hill, but hold on to it. †Ã‚  Ã‚  Subash Jain * Sustaining  competitive  advantage requires erecting barriers against the competition * Aakers suggested looking at the following: How you compete * Basis of competition * Where you compete * Whom you are competing against Examples of SCA * For many years, Singapore Airlines were riding on its SCA of having the best in-flight service * As more airlines improved their service and   narrowed the gap, SIA sought othercompetitive  advantages among which are * The most modern fleet * Outstanding Service on the Ground * A super entertainment system in its cabins * Comfort in its First Class cabins at an unparallel level * Discuss whether the later initiatives had been sustainable We will write a custom essay sample on Toyota Competitive Strategies specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Toyota Competitive Strategies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Toyota Competitive Strategies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sun Tze’s defensive  strategy â€Å"Do not assume the enemy will not come but be prepared for his coming†¦ Do not presume he will not attack, but instead make your own position unassailable. † Sun Tze’s Offensive Strategies * Overt-offensive  strategy * To knock out a business rival so as to take over his company * To knock out a competing product so as to take over its market share * Covert-offensive  strategy * Keep as low a profile as possible while making offensive moves Strategies for Market Leaders Market Leader’s objectives: * Expand the total market by * Finding new users Creating new uses, and * Encouraging more usage * Protect its current market share by * Adopting defense strategies (see following slides) * Increase its market share * Note the relationship between market share and profitability Which  strategy  to use? Depends on your answer to the following: * Is it worth fighting? * Are you strong enough to fight? * How strong i s your defense? * Do you have any choice but to fight? Defense  Strategy * A market leader should generally adopt a defense  strategy * Six commonly used defense strategies * Position Defense * Mobile Defense Flanking Defense * Contraction Defense * Pre-emptive Defense * Counter-Offensive Defense Defense  Strategy  (cont’d) Position Defense * Least successful of the defense strategies * â€Å"A company attempting a fortress defense will find itself retreating from line after line of fortification into shrinking product markets. †Ã‚   Saunders (1987) * e. g. Mercedes was using a position defense  strategy  untilToyota  launched a frontal attack with its Lexus. Defense  Strategy  (cont’d) Mobile Defense * By market broadening and diversification * For marketing broadening, there is a need to Redefine the business (principle of objective), and * Focus efforts on the competition (the principle of mass) * e. g. Legend Holdings, the top China PC maker Legend has announced a joint venture with AOL to broaden its business to provide Internet services in the mainland Defense  Strategy  (cont’d) Flanking Defense: * Secondary markets (flanks) are the weaker areas and prone to being attacked * P ay attention to the flanks * e. g. San Miguel introduced a flanking brand in the Philippines, Gold Eagle, as a defense against APB’s Beerhausen Defense  Strategy  (cont’d) Contraction Defense * Withdraw from the most vulnerable segments and redirect resources to those that are more defendable * By planned contraction or strategic withdrawal * e. g. India’s TATA Group sold its soaps and detergents business units to Unilever in 1993 Defense  Strategy  (cont’d) Pre-emptive Defense * Detect potential attacks and attack the enemies first * Let it be known how it will retaliate * Product or brand proliferation is a form of pre-emptive defense e. g. Seiko has over 2,000 models Defense  Strategy  (cont’d) Counter-Offensive Defense Responding to competitors’ head-on attack by identifying the attacker’s weakness and then launch a counter attack * e. g. Toyota  launched the Lexus to respond to Mercedes attack Market Challenger Strategies The market challengers’ strategic objective is to gain market share and to become the leader eventually How? * By attacking the market leader * By attacking other firms of the same size * By attacking smaller firms Market Challenger Strategies (cont’d) Types of Attack Strategies * Frontal attack * Flank attack * Encirclement attack * Bypass attack * Guerrilla attack Frontal Attack * Seldom work  unless The challenger has sufficient fire-power (a 3:1 advantage) and staying power, and * The challenger has clear distinctive advantage(s) * e. g. Japanese and Korean firms launched frontal attacks in various ASPAC countries through quality, price and low cost Flank attack * Attack the enemy at its weak points or blind spots i. e. its flanks * Ideal for challenger who does not have sufficient resources * e. g. In the 1990s, Yaohan attacked Mitsukoshi and Seibu’s flanks by opening numerous stores in overseas markets Encirclement attack * Attack the enemy at many fronts at the same time Ideal for challenger having superior resources * e. g. Seiko attacked on fashion, features, user preferences and anything that might interest the consumer Bypass attack * By diversifying into unrelated products or markets neglected by the leader * Could overtake the leader by using new technologies * e. g. Pepsi use a bypass attack  strategy  against Coke in China by locating its bottling plants in the interior provinces Guerrilla attack * By launching small, intermittent hit-and-run attacks to harass and destabilize the leader * Usually use to precede a stronger attack e. g. airlines use short promotions to attack the national carriers especially when passenger loads in certain routes are low Which Attack  Strategy  should a Challenger Choose? Use a combination of several strategies to improve market share over time Market-Follower Strategies * Theodore Levitt in his article,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Innovative Imitation†Ã‚  argued that a product imitation  strategy  might be just as profitable as a product innovation  strategy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  e. g. Product innovationSony Product-imitationPanasonic Market-Follower Strategies (cont’d) Each follower tries to bring distinctive advantages to its target marketlocation, services, financing * Four broad follower strategies: * Counterfeiter (which is illegal) * Cloner e. g. the IBM PC clones * Imitator e. g. car manufacturers imitate the style of one another * Adapter e. g. many Japanese firms are excellent adapters initially before developing into challengers and eventually leaders Market-Nicher Strategies * Smaller firms can avoid larger firms by targeting smaller markets or niches that are of little or no interest to the larger firms   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  e. g. Logitechmice Microbrewersspecial beers Market-Nicher Strategies (cont’d) * Nichers must create niches, expand the niches and protect them * e. g. Nike constantly created new nichescycling, walking, hiking, cheerleading, etc * What is the major risk faced by nichers? * Market niche may be attacked by larger firms once they notice the niches are successful Multiple Niching â€Å"[A] firm should `stick to its niching’ but not necessarily to its niche. That is why multiple niching is preferable to single niching. By developing strength in two or more niches the company increases its chances for survival. † Philip Kotler

The Impressionistic Period essays

The Impressionistic Period essays The Impressionistic Period took place during the latter half of the 19th century and the beginning half of the 20th century. Impressionistic music was first started by Claude Debussy, a French composer. He also founded the impressionist school of music. The Impressionistic Period started as a revolt against German romanticism. The influence of the French impressionist paintings also helped form this style of music. Debussys music was brief, elegant, and rather cold, unlike the period before, which held sentimental music. At one point in his life, he broke away and composed a piece which was more conventional, called "La Mer", which means "the sea". There were many different composers during the Impressionistic Period. Some of them were Manuel de Falla, Fredrick Delius, Ralph Williams Vaughan, and Ottorino Respighi. These and other composers helped to make up the Impressionistic Period. Delius and Vaughan were English composers. La Falla was a Spanish composer. Impressionistic music was especially popular in the European countries. Impressionistic music was influenced by Claude Monets painting, Sunrise. Other impressionistic artists were Camile Pissaro, Auguste Renior, Edgar Degas, and Berthe Morisot. Many people of the time rejected this style of art. The paintings were flooded with bright colors applied directly to the canvas in small textured strokes. This style broke the consistency of the clearly outlined and represented paintings of this time. Impressionistic music had a vagueness of form and the elusive mark of impressionism. Some characteristics are the use of unconventional chord changes, comparative unimportance of melody, and pentatonic scales often replaced the major and minor scales. The Impressionistic Period was also famous for its literature. Impressionism in literature often is used broadly, including symbolism, imagism, and other styles that were not forma ...

Performance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Performance Management - Essay Example It involves establishment of within reach targets as well as clearly outlining roles (Kanigher, 2005). Development of Performance Management This discipline traces its origin in the 20th century, where managers developed the process to determine whether the remuneration paid to workers was reasonable (Kanigher, 2005). One of the earliest contributors to this theory was Fredrick Taylor, with his scientific management theory, which he developed by studying the work process scientifically. In his work, he studied how work was done and how it affected people productivity (Kanigher, 2005). His findings were that workers and managers need to cooperate with each other, work needs to be simplified for efficient results to be achieved and, he advanced the idea of â€Å"a fair day’s pay for a fair day’s work (Kanigher, 2005). This was during the industrialization era, and at that time, factory managers had little contact with workers leaving them to produce on their own. This le ft workers with poor motivation, because continuation of employment was the only incentive at that time. In his, â€Å"time and motion† studies, Taylor concluded that certain workers were suitable for certain jobs, to achieve efficiency (Kanigher, 2005). This is the basis of role definition in the contemporary business environment. This theory concerns itself with managing people’s performance. It attempts to understand the fundamental factors, which enhance employee relations to yield maximum organizational output. Taylor suggestions of presence of certain conditions to improve work performance paved way for future scholars and theorists in understanding what influences performance (Kanigher, 2005). This is the foundation of performance management and there would be no practical application of this concept in the absence of this theory. Douglas McGregor is another major contributor to the development of performance management theory and practical applications in moder n business world. In his, â€Å"The Human Side of Enterprise† book, he proposed theory X and Y, which was a constructive and modest reminder of the ordinary rules for handling people, which are overlooked under the density of day-to-day business (Koontz & Weihrich, 2007). His ideas suggested there are only two fundamental ways of managing people; one is by treating them as lazy and disliking work, hence they will do anything to avoid work. They ought to be directed, assured job safety in order to consent accountability. This is theory X, which suggests dictatorial management style (Koontz & Weihrich, 2007). Another war regards workers as people devoted to objectives and, they will admit and pursue responsibility. They are self-disciplined and pursue organizational objectives without threat of punishment (Koontz & Weihrich, 2007). He regarded this as theory Y that proposes a democratic management style. Performance management entails understanding people’s behavior. Thi s theory sheds lights on the sophistication side of employees. Though it suggests only two kinds of employee, it paved way for organizations to realize that the human aspect of an enterprise is complex, and exhibits numerous characters. After inception of

DIscussion questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DIscussion questions - Assignment Example Getting paid more than your fellow employees gives you a psychological advantage and one is made to believe that is getting treated special. But keeping in mind the tasks I had to deliver and the number of hours I was forced to work in order to meet deadlines never gave me personal satisfaction. I had friends in others companies in the same industry and they were getting paid almost as much as me but there was one major difference. The difference was that they were only responsible for accounts related work. They had a separate tax department that handled tax related works and had a storage supervisor who was responsible for checking and maintaining the stock level. So that meant I was doing task of three people all alone. Although the level of pay made things look reasonable, the level of commitment, focus and hard work always made me feel that I was being over worked and the incentive giving me was comparatively less. This feeling and heavy schedule went on forcing me to resign fro m work and opting for a different place. Technology has really made it easier for us to gather information on compensation; explore the Glassdoor website at http://www.glassdoor.com Click on the Companies and Reviews, then Best Places to Work feature and check out some of the company reviews and salary information, remembering that this is unsubstantiated, anonymous information. What did you find on this site? How useful do you think it is? The website contains a vast number of things related both, to the companies and the employees. The overview of the company is given along with a list of salaries being taken by employees at different positions. The average salary and the range of salaries for each department/position are given. This gives a fair idea of what starting pay should one expect and as time goes on how much raise in pay scale should be expected while staying at the company. A percentage of number successful, unsuccessful and waiting list (neutral) candidates are also gi ven. A prospective employee may analyze his chances of getting through in the interviews. Reviews of employees is also an important aspect, as one may get to know how well a company is treating its employees and understand whether he/she can adjust to such an environment. The number of jobs and positions available along with the job description helps one to assess whether to apply for the job or not. The thing that I found most useful was the information and split in categories of how people manage to get an interview. Most prospective employees don’t know how to apply and what is the best mode of applying. Some may simply use the online portal while others may try getting a referral in a company before they even apply. They may be some individuals who go straight up to recruiting agencies and ask for their help and guidance. By analysing the information on people actually getting an interview, the possibility of managing to get an interview becomes much higher. Using Table 1 2.1, which two programs for recognizing employee contributions do you feel are most worthwhile from an employee motivation standpoint and why? Table 12.1 Employee Motivation Merit Pay Incentive Pay Profit Sharing Owner-Ship Gain Sharing Skill-Based Design features Payment method Changes base pay Bonus Bonus Equity Bonus Change in base pay when skill Frequency at payout Annually Weekly Semiannually or annually When stock sold Monthly or quarterly When skill or competency Performance measures Supervisor’

Russia and China Foreign Policies on Central Asia Research Paper

Russia and China Foreign Policies on Central Asia - Research Paper Example The interest that China has in Central Asia is not new. The course of the interest in Central Asia entails their concern to extent control over the territory as well as control the territorial security. The sign of interest in this complex advancement is evident from the sustained rhythm of successive visits, since the first tour of Prime Minister Li Peng in 1994. Thus, the guiding thread of China’s foreign policy in relation to Central Asia is essentially to achieve â€Å"stability†. The country of China exists in a political territory that continues to experience restlessness from je frontier zones to the periphery, despite the ending of the Cold War, a course that raises new series of risks. The collapse of the Soviet system and eventual independence of the Central Asian republics marked a remarkable fragmentation of the region in additional to continued autonomisation of the entire region. The effect is that a multitude of opportunities that existed and the stakes entailed for the Peoples Republic of China received a remarkable blow, becoming rather complicated (Lanteigne, 2009). The course is that the movement towards achieving the foreign policy compromises is yet far from conclusions. Another concept entailed in the foreign policy regarding Central Asia is the end of the communism practice in 1989 I the USSR, which in effect granted the republics in the Central Asia region greater liberty (Lanteigne, 2009). Moreover, this development unfortunately coincided with the resurgence of the democratic calls entailed in Beijing, which marked a beginning of a period of agitation in China and the larger region. Notably, the disappearance of the Soviet threat in the region from the end of the Cold War marked the beginning of bilateral relations of the dimensions between China and Central Asia. The course in the 1990s, seemed to take a positive direction as China sought to weave

Cultural Traits Of Lysistrata Analysis Religion Essay

Cultural Traits Of Lysistrata Analysis Religion Essay It is interesting to see how much culture varies from one civilization to another across the world and throughout history, but amazingly enough they all have many similarities. By reading these ancient poems and stories, I can relate too many of their cultural traits. I find the Greek culture to be the most interesting, and through the literature such as Aristophanes Lysistrata, I can see many cultural similarities. From the story Lysistrata, the women of Greece join together to voice their opinion that they should be treated as equals. The Peloponnesian War is taking place during the story and all the women are left at home alone because their husbands are off fighting in the war. The women are tired of their husbands being gone and want the war to end before all of Greece is destroyed. Led by Lysistrata, the women of Greece join together and take over the Akropolis and devise a plan to end the war by withholding sex from the men. From this culture we see that women are presumed to be kind of a slave for the men. Their duties should be the care of the house and the children. Cooking, cleaning, sewing and pleasing the husband were their jobs. Even in our culture today these things are considered to be the womans responsibilities. Their opinions did not matter to the men and were better left unsaid, the same as our culture in earlier years. Even today the opinion of a woman does not matter to som e men. They are believed to be not as intelligent as the man and should only concern themselves with house hold chores, caring for the children, and pleasing the husband. The men of this culture were dominant over the women and fought the wars, took care of the finances and headed the government. All of the decisions for Greece and the people of Greece were made by the men. Through Lysistrata, we can clearly see that the woman of Greece are tired of being treated as thought they were inferior, a common problem that we have had throughout our culture and history and probably always will. They believed they should have some influence in the government as well as the household, and that their opinion should be taken into consideration. In order for the women to be taken seriously, they withheld sex from the men and locked themselves in the Akropolis, vowing not to return home until the war had ended and their opinions be heard equally alongside the men. This fight for womens rights has been seen throughout our cultural history as well and seems, in a way, to still be going on today. The Greek culture and most of our culture has been dominated by the man. Our country was founded and ran by the men, with the women having many of the same responsibilities as the Greek women did in the story of Lysistrata. The Greek men did not believe the women had the right to have a say in the government or with matters of war, the same as the men throughout our cultural history. The same battle that is being fought by the women in Lysistrata for their rights has been fought by the women of our culture. The Greek men finally learned a lesson. They gave into the women and listened to what they had to say and ended the war, vowing that the women would have a say in things. This is similar to our culture in that, since the fight for womens rights has begun, they are now allowed to be government officials, hold jobs outside of the home, and even fight in wars. Another cultural trait of the Greek people was the worship of many Gods. Many of the ancient cultures back then believed in and worshiped more than one God. The people built their lives around these Gods. They lived in fear of these Gods and obeyed all of what they were told. They would have dreams and visions of these Gods or events of the future and believed they would come true since the Gods put it before their eyes. All that they did revolved around the worship of these Gods, even in their battles, they fought the way they believed the Gods wanted. They fought for the Gods with all they had never to do them unjust or have them disgraced. Unlike today where many people in our culture do not even worship a God or either show little in their respect or love for him. Our culture differs from the ancient Greeks, in that we are a monotheistic culture. We only believe in one God where as the Greeks had a dozen or more Gods. While the Greek culture revolved around the Gods, our religiou s culture, it seems, is slowly dying. You can see the importance of these Gods to the Greek culture by the many different statues and monuments they built to honor them. They made separate statues and monuments to worship each one of these Gods. You can also see the importance of the Gods through their literature. Almost every story or poem that I have read from the ancient Greeks has references to the gods and many are written about the Gods. We do not see this in our culture today since most of our literature contains nothing about our God. Our culture as a whole probably shows less respect or loyalty for our God than the Greeks did even for the least important God they had. Though many years apart, it is interesting to see how the cultural traits vary from one culture to the next throughout history. It is clearly seen, by reading the ancient poems and stories of the Greeks, how our culture and theirs compare and contrast. Although there are many different beliefs between our present culture and the ones of the past, many of their traits seem to have been carried over and are still present in our culture today.

Against Animal Experimentation Essay -- social issues

Against Animal Experimentation Imagine having a headache and not having aspirin to take, or being diabetic and not being able to take certain types of insulin (Williams 3). It seems impossible that these drugs could be unavailable to humans, but they would not be attainable had scientists not tested these drugs on non-animal subjects. Contrary to what many people believe, testing drugs on animals often give defective results. â€Å"More than 205,000 new drugs are marketed worldwide every year, most undergo the most archaic and unreliable testing methods still in use: animal studies† (PETA 1). Although animals may seem the like ideal specimens for testing new drugs, the experiments are untrustworthy and can cause unknown side effects. Research on animals is deemed necessary to develop vaccines, treatments, and cures for diseases and to ensure that new products are safe for humans to use. â€Å"The development of immunization against such diseases as polio, diphtheria, mumps, measles, rubella, pertussis, and hepatitis all involved research on animals [†¦]† (AMPEF 1). Scientists have found many drugs by means of animal experimentation. To some people, animals are viewed as better test subjects than anything else. Scientists can control many aspects in an animal’s life such as their diet, the temperature, lighting, environment, and more. Animals are biologically similar, but not identical to humans and can form some of the same health problems. When these health problems are injected into an animal it can have the same physical reactions as a human could. Brettner -2- Experimenting on animals, to some, is important if humans want to continue with improving our medical advances (AMPEF 1). Although animals have helped form useful medicines for humans like anesthesia, they have also helped put dangerous drugs on the market (AMPEF 1). Practolol, a drug for heart disorders that passed animal test was pulled off the shelves when the drug caused blindness in people. Also, arsenic, which is toxic and causes cancer in humans, has not caused cancer in any animals that were tested (PETA 1). â€Å"According to the General Accounting Office, more than half of the prescription drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between 1976 and 1985 caused serious side effects that later caused the drugs to be either relabeled or removed from the market. Drugs app... ... are many other ways to get the same results as humans receive from animal experiments. These methods are viewed as more moral, practical, effective, and less expensive, why wouldn’t we use these methods? By using these methods, scientists were able to invent aspirin and certain types of insulin (Williams 3). Although animals may seem like the ideal specimen for experimenting with, these experiments are untrustworthy and can cause unknown side effects. Works Cited AMPEF. â€Å"Point Counterpoint†. Americans For Medical Progress Education Foundation. 1998. 4 May 2002. Best, Lonnie Lee. â€Å"Are Humans Animals?† The Hardcore Truth. 1998. 1 May 2002. British Anti-Vivisection Association. â€Å"Animal Experimentation: No Lie Can Live Forever†. 2 May 2002. Cohen, Et. Al. â€Å"A Critical Look at Animal Experimentation†. 1998. 3 May 2002. People For the Ethical Treatment of Animals. â€Å"Animal Experimentation†. PETA. 2001. 4 May 2002. Thacher, Wendy. â€Å"Chimpanzees: Test Results That Don’t Apply To Humans†. PCRM Animal Experimentation Issues. September 2, 1999. 5 May 2002. Williams, Joy. â€Å"Do Creatures Have The Same Rights That We Do?† Harper’s Magazine. 1997. 6 May 2002.